The Rashidun Caliphate was the first of the Islamic caliphates after the death of Prophet Muhammad. It was led by the Prophet's closest companions and relatives, known as the 'Rightly Guided' or Rashidun caliphs.
The Umayyad Caliphate followed the Rashidun Caliphate. It marked a shift from the Islamic capital in Medina to Damascus and was known for significant expansion, including into Europe.
The Abbasid Caliphate is known for its golden age of learning and culture. It shifted the capital to Baghdad and saw significant developments in science, philosophy, and art.
The Ottoman Caliphate, part of the larger Ottoman Empire, was one of the longest-lasting and most influential Islamic caliphates. It was known for its military might, cultural richness, and architectural marvels.
The Mughal Empire, though not a caliphate in the traditional sense, was a significant Islamic imperial power in the Indian subcontinent. It is renowned for its cultural and architectural contributions, including the Taj Mahal.